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Start learning a new language today with a 7-day free trial
A Detailed Guide To Mastering The 57 Turkish Pronouns
by Olly Richards
If youโre thinking about learning Turkish, then you might be preparing yourself to learn a lot of vocabulary referring to a variety of things.
But there are also words in Turkish that donโt always refer to just one thing, such as Turkish pronouns.
As a quick reminder, pronouns are words that act as a replacement for a person or another agent in a sentence.
For example, words like โIโ, โyouโ, โitโ, โthemselvesโ, and โeveryoneโ are all pronouns. Theyโre one of the building blocks for forming and speaking in sentences.
Even if they seem daunting at first, Turkish pronouns are easy enough once you get the hang of them. So read on to get a rundown of the different pronouns in Turkish and how to use them in daily life.
Pro Tip
By the way, if youโre trying to learn Turkish, Iโd recommend that you look into Turkish Uncovered. Itโs a course where youโll be able to adopt the unique StoryLearningยฎ approach to learn Turkish through stories, and not through rules or drills. Itโs fun, easy, and effective!
But before jumping into the different kinds of pronouns in Turkish, itโs important to know that not every language uses pronouns in the exact same way.
One specific feature of the Turkish language is key to mastering pronouns in Turkish: suffixes.
Turkish depends on suffixes for building sentences so much that theyโre the reason that youโll often hear sentences without pronouns, even if theyโre implied in meaning.
For example, take the following sentence:
Mutluyum. (Iโm happy.)
The sentence is made up of two parts: Mutlu, which means โhappyโ, and โ(y)um, which is the suffix used at the end of a word to denote the first person singular, or โIโ.
The sentence doesnโt have any pronouns in it, but you can infer that this means โIโm happyโ because of the suffix -(y)um.
This doesnโt necessarily mean that you canโt include a pronoun in the sentence. You could also say the same sentence while including the pronoun for โIโ:
Ben mutluyum (Iโm happy)
But grammatically speaking, you donโt have to have the pronoun ben (I) at the beginning of the sentence, and the sentence can stand along without it.
In some cases, you might include a pronoun in the sentence to emphasize the subject associated with the pronoun.
Hereโs an example of how this might work in dialogue:
Siz mutlu musunuz? (Are you (plural) happy?)
Arkadaลฤฑm mutlu deฤil, ama ben mutluyum. (My friend isnโt happy, but Iโm happy.)
Even if the sentence isnโt grammatically incorrect without the pronoun ben (I), including it helps emphasize a contrast between the arkadaลฤฑm (my friend) and ben (I).
While this might be hard to wrap your head around at first, donโt worry! The nuances of when to and when not to use pronouns in sentences will come with practice.
And in any case, thereโs nothing wrong with choosing to include the pronouns when you speak yourself. Just remember that you may hear native speakers omit them in regular speech.
Turkish Pronouns: Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are the pronouns that refer to people. In English, these include pronouns for the subject of a sentence (โIโ, โyouโ, โheโ, โsheโ, โitโ, โweโ and โtheyโ), and pronouns for the object of a sentence (โmeโ, โyouโ, โhimโ, โherโ, โitโ, โusโ and โthemโ).
Turkish has six personal pronouns: ben (I), sen (you), o (he/she/it), biz (we), siz (you (plural)), and onlar (they).
Unlike English, Turkish doesnโt have gendered pronouns, so uses o (he/she/it) or onlar (they), to refer to male, female, and genderless third-person subjects.
Another trick to personal pronouns in Turkish is the use of siz (you (plural)). Although you should always use siz to refer to multiple people in conversation, itโs also often used as an honorific form of sen (you).
Perhaps youโre speaking with someone who is your senior at work, or your teacher, or someone who is visibly older than you. In all these situations, youโd want to refer to them using siz instead of sen as a sign of respect.
If youโre looking to use these personal pronouns as the object of a sentence, then all you need to do is add an object suffix after the pronoun.
Hereโs a simple summary of how to use personal pronouns in Turkish:
Person
Subjectpronoun
Object pronoun
Singular
1st
Ben (I)
Beni (me)
2nd
Sen (you)
Seni (you)
3rd
O (he/she/it)
Onu (him/her/it)
Plural
1st
Biz (we)
Bizi (us)
2nd* (honorific)
Siz (you)
Sizi (you)
3rd
Onlar (they)
Onlarฤฑ (them)
Turkish personal pronouns
And hereโs an example sentence using personal pronouns that youโll likely hear all the time in Turkish: (Ben) seni รงok seviyorum (I love you very much).
Turkish Pronouns: Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns help you identify the owner of an object without having to repeat the name of the noun over and over.
In English, there are two types of possessive pronouns: the possessive pronouns that are used together with another noun (โmyโ, โyourโ, โhisโ, โherโ, itsโ, โourโ, and โtheirโ), and possessive pronouns that can stand on their own (โmineโ, โyoursโ, โhisโ, โhersโ, โoursโ, and โtheirsโ).
In Turkish, thereโs no difference between these two types of possessive pronouns. They are: benim (my/mine), senin (your/yours), onun (his/her(s)/its), bizim (our/ours), sizin (your/yours), and onlarฤฑn (their/theirs). For example:
Ahmet benim arkadaลฤฑm (Ahmet is my friend.)
O gรถmlek benim (That shirt is mine.)
One thing to watch out for is that nouns that come after a possessive pronoun must include a suffix that relates back to the pronoun in Turkish.
In English, you might say โmy bookโ, or โyour phoneโ. In Turkish, however, you would need to add a suffix after โbookโ or โphoneโ that refers back to โmyโ or โyourโ.
For example, if kitap means โbookโ and telefon means โtelephoneโ, then you would say the following for:
Benim kitabฤฑm (my book)
Senin telefonun (your phone)
Because of these suffixes, you could understand that kitabฤฑm means โmy bookโ and that telefonun means โyour telephoneโ even without the possessive pronouns benim (my) or senin (your) preceding these words.
Person
Possessive Pronoun
Possessive Pronoun Suffix
Singular
1st
Benim (my/mine)
-ฤฑm/im/um/รผm
2nd
Senin (your/yours)
-ฤฑn/in/un/รผn
3rd
Onun (his/her(s)/its)
-ฤฑ/i/u/รผ
Plural
1st
Bizim (our/ours)
โฤฑmฤฑz/imiz/umuz/รผmรผz
2nd* (honorific)
Sizin (your/yours)
-ฤฑnฤฑz/iniz/unuz/รผnรผz
3rd
Onlarฤฑn (their/theirs)
-ฤฑ/i/u/รผ
Turkish possessive pronouns
Turkish Pronouns: Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are the pronouns we use to point to specific people or things and demonstrate their location in relation to the speaker, like โthisโ or โthatโ.
In English, you can separate demonstrative pronouns into two different categories:
pronouns that demonstrate that someone or something is close to the speaker (โthisโ, โtheseโ, โhereโ)
and pronouns that demonstrate something or someone that is further away (โthatโ, โthoseโ, โthereโ).
But in Turkish, there are three kinds of demonstrative pronouns depending on the distance to the speaker:
bu (this) or bunlar (these) for things that are in the speakerโs proximity
ลu (this/that) or ลunlar (these/those) for when theyโre a little further away
and o (that) or onlar (those) for when theyโre the farthest.
One thing to note is that o (that) and onlar (those) are the same words as the 3rd person personal pronouns โheโ, โsheโ, โitโ, and โtheyโ.
This same logic also applies to words that are used to demonstrate location, like burada (here), ลurada (there), and orada (over there).
Singular
Plural
Place
Bu (this)
Bunlar (these)
Burada (here)
ลu (this/that)
ลunlar (these/those)
ลurada (there)
O (that)
Onlar (those)
Orada (over there)
Turkish demonstrative pronouns
Turkish Pronouns: Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are the words we use to ask questions, like โwhoโ, โwhomโ, โwhoseโ, โwhichโ, and โwhatโ. The answers to interrogative pronouns are typically nouns in sentences.
Here are the most important interrogative pronouns to know in Turkish:
Interrogative pronoun
Example sentence
Kim (who/whom)
O kadin kim? (Who is that woman?)
Kimin (whose)
Bu รงay kimin? (Whose tea is this?)
Hangi/Hangisi (which)
Senin รงantan hangisi? (Which bag is yours?)
Ne (what)
Siz ne yiyorsunuz? (What are you eating?)
Turkish interrogative pronouns
Turkish Pronouns: Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that donโt refer to any specific thing or person, and instead refer to vague or undefined things or persons.
In English, words like โanythingโ, โeverythingโ, โnothingโ, and โsomethingโ are all examples of indefinite pronouns.
Just like in English, Turkish has many different indefinite pronouns. For your consideration:
Indefinite pronoun
Example sentence
Starting with โevery-โ in English
Her kes (everybody/everyone)
Her kes burada mฤฑ? (Is everybody here?)
Her yer (everywhere)
Ekmek kฤฑrฤฑntฤฑlar her yerde. (The breadcrumbs are everywhere.)
Her ลey (everything)
Her ลey tamam mฤฑ? (Is everything good?)
Starting with โsome-โ in English
Birisi (somebody/someone)
Birisi seni bekliyor. (Someone is waiting for you.)
Bir yer / Bir yerler (somewhere)
Annem bir yerde ama nerede bilmiyorum. (My mom is somewhere but I donโt know where.)
Bir ลey (something)
Bir ลey iรงer misiniz? (Would you like to drink something?)
Starting with โno-โ in English
Hiรง kimse (nobody/no one)
Hiรง kimse gelmedi (Nobody came.)
Hiรงbir yer (nowhere)
Kalemim hiรงbir yerde yok. (My pen is nowhere)
Hiรงbir ลey (nothing/anything)
Burada hiรงbir ลey yok. (Thereโs nothing here.)
Starting with โany-โ in English
Kimse (anybody/anyone)
Orada kimse var mฤฑ? (Is anyone there?)
Herhangi bir yer (anywhere)
Herhangi bir yere gidelim mi? (Shall we go anywhere?)
Herhangi bir ลey (anything)
Herhangi birลey ister misin? (Do you want anything?)
Turkish indefinite pronouns
Turkish Pronouns: Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are the words that introduce relative clauses in a sentence.
Take the following sentences, for example: โMy brother is a studentโ and โMy brother likes to study Turkish.โ
If you wanted to combine the two sentences together, youโd say โMy brother is a student who likes to study Turkish.โ
The word โwhoโ in the sentence helps tie the two sentences together โ making it a relative pronoun.
In English, you can use words like โwhoโ, โthatโ, โwhoseโ, โwhomโ, and โwhichโ as relative pronouns.
But unlike English, Turkish doesnโt use specific words as relative pronouns. Instead, it adds suffixes to verbs that are used to describe either the subject or object of a sentence.
There are two types of suffixes in Turkish that can stand in for relative pronouns: -(y)an/en for when the clause describes the subject of the verb, or -dik for when the clause describes the object of the verb.
To demonstrate using some examples:
Arabada oturan adam benim babam. (The man who is sitting in the car is my dad.)
Here, adam (the man) is the subject of the sentence. As he is the subject doing the sitting in this sentence, we add the -(y)an/en suffixto the verb oturmak (to sit) to describe him.
In another example:
Lokantada aldฤฑฤฤฑm kuru fasulye รงok lezzetliydi. (The beans that I bought at the restaurant were delicious.)
In this example, the kuru fasulye (the beans) is the subject of the sentence. But because kuru fasulye is the object of the verb almak (to buy) in this sentence, the sentence adds the -dik suffix to describe the beans.
Turkish Pronouns: Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns in English include words that end with โ-selfโ that act as the object of a verb in which the person also happens to be the subject of the same verb.
Words like โmyselfโ, โyourselfโ, โhimselfโ, โherselfโ, โitselfโ, โourselvesโ, โyourselvesโ, and โthemselvesโ are all reflexive pronouns.
Turkish uses the word kendi (self)to form reflexive pronouns by adding possessive pronoun suffixes to the word kendi. Hereโs a quick guide to forming reflexive pronouns:
Person
Possessive Pronoun Suffix
Reflexive Pronoun
Singular
1st
-ฤฑm/im/um/รผm
Kendim (myself)
2nd
-ฤฑn/in/un/รผn
Kendin (yourself)
3rd
-ฤฑ/i/u/รผ
Kendi/Kendisi (himself/herself/itself)
Plural
1st
-ฤฑmฤฑz/imiz/umuz/รผmรผz
Kendimiz (ourselves)
2nd* (honorific)
-ฤฑnฤฑz/iniz/unuz/รผnรผz
Kendiniz (yourselves)
3rd
-ฤฑ/i/u/รผ
Kendileri (themselves)
Turkish reflexive pronouns
Suffixed Turkish Pronouns
Last but not least, Turkish uses several different kinds of suffixed pronouns. There are suffixed pronouns for expressing when something or someone is moving towards the subject of the pronoun, as well as for when they are moving away from them.
When something or someone is moving towards the subject of the pronoun, you use the rules of Turkish vowel harmony to add the โe/a suffix to the pronoun, which roughly translates to โtoโ in English.
If they are moving away from the subject of the pronoun, you add the โden/dan suffix to the pronoun, which translates to โfromโ.
To put it simply:
Person
Pronoun
Motion Towards Suffix (-e/a)
Motion Away Suffix (-den/dan)
Singular
1st
Ben (I)
Bana (to me)
Benden (from me)
2nd
Sen (you)
Sana (to you)
Senden (from you)
3rd
O (he/she/it)
Ona (to him/her/it)
Ondan (from him/her/it)
Plural
1st
Biz (we)
Bize (to us)
Bizden (from us)
2nd* (honorific)
Siz (you)
Size (to you)
Sizden (from you)
3rd
Onlar (they)
Onlara (to them)
Onlardan (from them)
Turkish suffixed pronouns
Here are a few example sentences using suffixed pronouns in Turkish:
Bu akลam bize gelecek misiniz? (Are you coming to us tonight?)
Senden bir ลey rica edebilir miyim? (Can I ask (from) you a favour?)
FAQs About Turkish Pronouns
What is the O in Turkish pronouns?
Unlike English, Turkish doesnโt have gendered pronouns like โheโ or โsheโ. Instead it uses the third-person pronoun o to refer to male, female, and genderless third-person subjects. So o is โheโ in Turkish, โsheโ in Turkish as well as โitโ.
What is the difference between O and Bu in Turkish?
O and bu are demonstrative pronouns in Turkish. O means โthatโ and bu means โthisโ.
What is the difference between bu and bunu in Turkish?
Bu and bunu are related but serve different grammatical functions in a sentence. Here's the distinction between them:
1. Bu (This):
Function: Bu is a demonstrative pronoun that means โthisโ in English. It is used to point to or refer to something close to the speaker. Usage: It is typically used as the subject or the object of a sentence when no specific case marking is needed. Examples: Bu kitap yeni. (This book is new.) Bu benim arabam. (This is my car.)
2. Bunu (This โ Accusative Case):
Function: โBunuโ is the accusative form of โbu.โ It is used when โthisโ is the direct object of a verb, specifically when the verb requires a direct object in the accusative case. Usage: The accusative case is marked by the suffix โ-u/-รผ/-ฤฑ/-iโ depending on vowel harmony. โBunuโ is used to indicate that โthisโ is the specific object being acted upon. Examples: Bunu al. (Take this.) Bunu biliyorum. (I know this.)
To summarise:
Bu is used as a subject or an object without any case marking, equivalent to โthisโ in English. Bunu is used as a direct object in the accusative case, marking โthisโ as the specific object of an action.
So, the choice between bu and bunu depends on the grammatical role of the word in the sentence.
What is the difference between Siz and Sen in Turkish?
The main difference between siz and sen is that siz is the formal/polite form of โyouโ, while sen is the informal/familiar form.
When you're speaking to someone who is your senior at work, or your teacher, or someone who is visibly older than you then youโd want to refer to them using siz instead of sen as a sign of respect.
Siz is also the plural form of โyouโ that you use to refer to multiple people.
What are the Turkish pronouns?
Turkish personal pronouns:
ben (I) sen (you) o (he/she/it) biz (we) siz (you (plural)) onlar (they).
Turkish possessive pronouns:
Benim (my/mine) Senin (your/yours) Onun (his/her(s)/its) Bizim (our/ours) Sizin (your/yours) Onlarฤฑn (their/theirs)
Turkish demonstrative pronouns:
Bu (this) Bunlar (these) Burada (here) ลu (this/that) ลunlar (these/those) ลurada (there) O (that) Onlar (those) Orada (over there)
Turkish interrogative pronouns:
Kim (who/whom) Kimin (whose) Hangi/Hangisi (which) Ne (what)
Turkish indefinite pronouns:
Her kes (everybody/everyone) Her yer (everywhere) Her ลey (everything) Birisi (somebody/someone) Bir yer / Bir yerler (somewhere) Bir ลey (something) Hiรง kimse (nobody/no one) Hiรงbir yer (nowhere) Hiรงbir ลey (nothing/anything) Kimse (anybody/anyone) Herhangi bir yer (anywhere) Herhangi bir ลey (anything)
Bana (to me) Benden (from me) Sana (to you) Senden (from you) Ona (to him/her/it) Ondan (from him/her/it) Bize (to us) Bizden (from us) Size (to you) Sizden (from you) Onlara (to them) Onlardan (from them)
Time To Practise Turkish Pronouns
Well there you have it! Youโve made it through the complete guide to using Turkish pronouns.
Thereโs no denying that thereโs a lot of information to process in this post. As you continue to learn Turkish, trying to master Turkish pronouns in one sitting may not be the best strategy to becoming fluent.
Regardless, you can always use this guide as a tool for mastering Turkish pronouns step-by-step. And considering that pronouns are one of the most important tools for expressing yourself, itโs worth prioritising learning how to use them in Turkish.
You may want to prioritise mastering the pronouns that youโll likely use the most first, like personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns.
And of course, follow the rules of StoryLearning and read books in Turkish. As you read, you'll see the Turkish pronouns again and again in context. This will help you master them.
Itโs also worth taking your time to truly master possessive pronouns and relative pronouns, especially considering that the grammar featured in them are foundational to constructing sentences in Turkish.
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Olly Richards
Creator of the StoryLearningยฎ Method
Olly Richards is a renowned polyglot and language learning expert with over 15 years of experience teaching millions through his innovative StoryLearningยฎ method. He is the creator of StoryLearning, one of the world's largest language learning blogs with 500,000+ monthly readers.
Olly has authored 30+ language learning books and courses, including the bestselling "Short Stories" series published by Teach Yourself.
When not developing new teaching methods, Richards practices what he preachesโhe speaks 8 languages fluently and continues learning new ones through his own methodology.
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