The Complete Russian Pronunciation Guide: Lose Your Accent & Sound Like A Native

Не стыдно молчать, когда нечего сказать.
Nye stydna malchat’, kagda nechevo skazat’
Translation: There’s no shame in being silent when there is nothing to say.

However, there is a lot to say. And that's probably why you're learning Russian! In addition to what you say, it's of course important how you say it. Rather than being silent, you'll have to talk a lot to practice!

When learning a new language, pronunciation is often one of the hardest aspects to master.

Oftentimes, there are sounds in some languages that aren’t found in others. It can sometimes be tricky to teach your mouth to move in new ways!

Luckily, Russian pronunciation and spelling are very consistent and logical. Once you learn the sounds and rules, there are no traps you can fall into.

You don't need to focus too much on how Russian is transcribed into the Latin alphabet. Although transcriptions can give you a good idea of how a word sounds, reading them as they are won’t necessarily sound “right”.

The key thing is to take it step by step. And try to listen and talk to native Russian speakers as much as possible.

In this guide I’ll cover everything you need to know about Russian pronunciation, including:

• The Cyrillic alphabet, and how to say each letter
• The soft sign (ь) and the hard sign (ъ), and how they are used
• Stress, and how accented syllables affect the pronunciation of a word
• Voiced and voiceless consonants

So let's get started with the alphabet and letters.

By the way, if you want to learn Russian fast and have fun, my top recommendation is Russian Uncovered which teaches you through StoryLearning®. 

With Russian Uncovered you’ll use my unique StoryLearning® method to learn Russian through story… not rules. It’s as fun as it is effective. If you’re ready to get started, click here for a 7-day FREE trial.

Russian Pronunciation: The Russian Alphabet

The first step to learning Russian pronunciation is understanding the Cyrillic alphabet and how each letter sounds. It may look alien to you now, but it won’t for long!

The Cyrillic alphabet only has 33 characters. And many of these are very similar to Latin letters in how they look, sound, or both.

For example, the letters A, E, K, M, O, and T look and sound (mostly) the same as in English.

Other letters, namely B (Б), V (B), G (Г), D (Д), Z (З), L (Л), N (Н), P (П), R (Р), S (С), and F (Ф), look different but largely sound the same as their English counterparts.

That only leaves some Cyrillic letters which have no equivalent in English, including the hard and soft signs, which modify consonants.

See the complete alphabet here:

Let’s look at each letter on its own. I'll show you what each letter is called in Russian, how each one is commonly transcribed into English, and how they sound with examples from words in English.

А а

• “ah”
• А а
• Like “a” in bat

Б б

• “beh”
• B b
• Like “b” in boat

В в

• “veh”
• V v
• Like “v” in very

Г г

• “geh”
• G g Sometimes (V v)
• Like “g” in gas or “v” in very

Д д

• “deh”
• D d
• Like “d” in do

Е е

• “yeh”
• YE ye
• Like “ye” in yet

Ё ё

• “yo”
• YO yo
• Like “yo” in yolk or yonder

Ж ж

• “zheh”
• Zh zh
• Like “s” in treasure, “z” in seizure, or “g” in sabotage

З з

• “zeh”
• Z z
• Like “z” in zoo

И и

• “ee”
• EE ee (sometimes I i)
• Like “ea” in Easter or “ee” in fee

Й й

• “ee kratkoyeh” (И краткое)
• I i or Y y
• Like “y” in soy

К к

• “kah”
• K k
• Like “k” in karma or “c” in car

Л л

• “ehl”
• L l
• Like “l” in love

М м

• “ehm”
• M m
• Like “m” in man

Н н

• “ehn”
• N n
• Like “n” in no

О о

• “oh”
• O o
• Like “o” in snore

П п

• “peh”
• P p
• Like “p” in play

Р р

• “ehr”
• R r
• Like “r” in red

С с

• “ehs”
• S s
• Like “s” in start

Т т

• “teh”
• T t
• Like “t” in tap

У у

• “oo”
• U u
• Like “oo” in root

Ф ф

• “ehf”
• F f
• Like “f” in farm

Х х

• “khah”
• H h, KH kh
• Throaty H, like the “ch” in loch (Scottish) or Bach (German)

Ц ц

• “tseh”
• TS ts
• Like “ts” in tsunami

Ч ч

• “cheh”
• CH ch
• Like “ch” in chip

Ш ш

• “shah”
• SH sh (hard)
• Like “sh” in shot (back of the mouth)

Щ щ

• “schyah”
• SH sh (soft)
• A harsher more closed variation of the ш sound.
• Like the “sh” in shot, but with your tongue pressed up against the roof of your mouth to make the sound more closed

Ъ ъ

• “tvyordiy znak” (твердый знак)
• Hard Sign (-)
• Makes the preceding later hard

Ы ы

• “ih”
• Y y or I i
• Like “i” in ilk and illustrate

Ь ь

• “myagkiy znak” (мягкий знак)
• Soft Sign (’)
• Makes the preceding later soft

Э э

• “eh”
• E e
• Like “e” ten

Ю ю

• “yoo”
• YU yu
• Like “eu” in eulogy or “u” in use

Я я

• “yah”
• YA ya
• Like “ya” in yak

Hard And Soft Russian Sounds

In the list above, you may have noticed the funny-looking b’s called the hard sign and the soft sign. These symbols are a key feature of Russian pronunciation.

Here’s a reminder of how they look and their names:

• The hard sign – Ъ ъ – твёрдый знак (tvyordiy znak)
• The soft sign – Ь ь – мягкий знак (myakhkeey znak)

(Note: Be careful not to confuse the soft sign with the letter Ы ы!)

Although both of these characters are silent, they affect the sound of the letter they follow. I’m sure you’re wondering what exactly they do.

When you begin to say Russian words, you'll notice that the so-called “soft” Russian vowels change the sound of preceding consonants, by making them softer.

These vowels are:

• Я (ya)
• Ё (yoh)
• Е (ye)
• Ю (yoo)
• И (ee)

So what does a soft consonant sound like?

Let’s consider an example in English to help you understand a bit better.

Do you see how the “n” sounds harder in the word “now”, and softer in the word “new”? In the second word, it’s as if you’re adding a “y” after the “n”.

(The same soft sound is also found in other languages, like the ‘n’ sound in the word gnocchi in Italian, for example.)

Technically speaking, a soft consonant is @, or pronounced with the middle of the tongue raised towards the roof of the mouth.

The hard sign (or a hard vowel), on the other hand, prevents palatalisation. So you pronounce a hard consonant with the tip of the tongue touching the front of the mouth (or the lips).

If there's a hard sign after a consonant, you should read it as a hard sound. In transcriptions, the consonants hardened by the hard sign are separated from the softening vowels that follow with a dash.

Hard And Soft Sign Examples

Some examples of words that use the hard sign are:

• въезд (v-yezd) – entry or entrance (for cars)
  – > the hard sign makes the е fully pronounced (“ye” in Yeltsin rather than “e” in mend. Compare this to везде [veh-zdye], which means everywhere)
• oбъект (ob-yekt) – object, subject, or facility
  -> as above
• подъём (pad-yom) – rise, lift, or elevation
  -> the hard sign separates the д from the ё, so that the д stays hard (like the hard “d” in do rather than the softer “d” in dew)

The soft sign, on the other hand, is used to make the preceding consonant sound softer. This usually occurs at the end of a word or between two consonants. In transcriptions, the soft sign is marked with an apostrophe.

Some words that include the soft sign are:

• день (dyen’) – day
  -> the н is soft (like the “n” in new)
• часть (chast’) – part or piece
  -> the т is soft, and therefore palatalised (as in the “t” sound in tube)
• aпельсин (apel’sin) – orange
  -> the л is soft (like the “l” sound in allure)

Those are the basics of the cyrillic alphabet and how to pronounce each letter, bearing in mind the effect of the hard and soft sign.

Let’s move on to a couple of important exceptions. Specifically, we’ll talk about when vowel sounds can change based on stress.

4 Rules For Understanding Stress In Russian Words

Stress indicates which syllable is emphasised in a word. In Russian, stress plays an important role. It determines how letters in a word are pronounced, as well as meaning and grammatical value.

Unfortunately, stress is not fixed in Russian. It can fall on any syllable in the word, and it is not indicated in writing.

Stress can also change its place in the word depending on the form of the word, which can be a challenge for beginners. But don’t worry about that too much for now.

You need to pay attention to where the stress falls when learning new words in Russian. In textbooks and other learning resources, the stress will usually be marked with an accent.

Eventually, you will have to memorise these. But stay positive, because I can assure you that with some practice, it will come naturally before you know it.

Now, let’s see how stress determines the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, based on a simple set of rules.

Russian Vowel Reduction

Stress, or accents, affect how you pronounce vowels in a word. The reduction of vowels happens when they are not part of the stressed syllable in the word. This means they are pronounced less distinctly than the others, and how they sound changes.

The difference in pronunciation depending on stress in Russian is comparable to “short vowels” and “long vowels” in English. The first ‘a’ in “cascade”, for example, sounds different from the second.

Similarly, in Russian, молоко (milk), is pronounced “mahlako” rather than “moloko”. This is because an unaccented ‘o' is pronounced more like an ‘ah' in unaccented syllables.

Luckily, there are only four main vowel reduction rules to memorise, and as you start pronouncing more Russian words they will begin to come naturally.

Rule 1: The letter o

In the syllable before the stress, the letter ‘о’ sounds like ‘а’ [a] (or the first ‘a’ in “amazing”).

o -> a

For example:

• we spell: окно́, Москвá
• we say: [акно] (akno), [масквa] (maskva)
• translation: window, Moscow

Rule 2: The letters о, а

Anywhere after the stress, and more than one syllable before the stress, the letters ‘о’ and ‘a’ sound like [ə] (or the ‘a’ in “orca”).

o, a -> [ə]

• we spell: ко́смос, лáмпа, карандáш, профе́ссор, хорошо́
• we say: [космəс] (kosmahs), [лампə] (lampuh), [кəрандаш] (kahrandash), [прафессəр] (pra-fe-sir), [хəрашо] (khahrasho)
• translation: cosmos, lamp, pencil, professor, good

Rule 3: The letters е, я

In the syllable before the stress, the letters е, я are pronounced like и [ee] (like the ‘ee’ in “cheese”).

е, я -> и

• we spell: сестрá, мечтá, пятиэтáжка
• we say: [с'истра] (see-stra), [м'ичта] (meechta), п'итиэтажка (peetee-ehtazhka)
• translation: sister, dream, five-story building

Rule 4: The letters е, я

Anywhere after the stress and more than one syllable before the stress, е and я are pronounced like ‘ə [yuh] (or ‘ye’ in “yes”).

е, я -> ‘ə

• we spell: но́мер, учи́тель, де́сять, дя́дя
• we say: [ном'əр] (nomyer), [учит'əл'] (uchityel), [д'ес'əт'] (desyet’), [д'ад'ə] (dyadyuh)
• translation: number, teacher, ten, uncle

Russian Vowels: A Different Perspective

It might seem like a lot to take in at first. Maybe it will help to see it from another perspective.

If you think about it, vowels are sounds you make with nothing but your voice and the shape of your open mouth. (Try saying “yeow!”, and you will say all the vowels in a row as you change the shape of your mouth.)

When a vowel is stressed within a word, it becomes the emphasised sound. As you say it, your vocal energy goes into that vowel. And often your mouth moves to make the sound in full. Most stressed vowels require you to change the shape of your mouth as you say them.

Unaccented vowels, however, are diminished versions of their accented counterparts. When the stress falls elsewhere, you use less distinct, almost “mumbled” versions of these vowels, which require less effort to say. You also move your mouth less. This is how an ‘o’ sound can become an ‘uh’, or a ‘ya’ can become a ‘yuh’.

In some languages, this difference happens naturally. In Russian, there are rules for it, because the significance of stress makes the sounds more distinct.

But that’s enough about Russian vowels, for now. Let’s move on to the consonant sounds.

Voiced And Voiceless Russian Consonants

Like vowels, consonants can sound different depending on where in the word they are. Some are pronounced more distinctly, while others are said softly. These are called voiced and voiceless consonants, respectively.

We use our vocal chords when pronouncing voiced consonants, but not when pronouncing voiceless consonants. In Russian, the consonants can be organised into pairs as such:

• Voiced: Б (b), В (v), Г (g), Д (d), Ж (zh), З (z)
• Voiceless: П (p), Ф (f), К (k), Т (t), Ш (sh), С (s)

These pairs can interchange in how they are pronounced depending on their position in the word. A ‘t’ can sound like a ‘d’, for example (similar to US English as in the word “ditto”).

Two things can happen:

1. Devoicing When The Consonant Is At The End Of A Word

When a voiced consonant is at the end of a word, it becomes devoiced, or pronounced as its voiceless counterpart. (If the final consonant is accompanied by a soft sign, you still include it.)

• For example, гараж, or garage, is pronounced as гара[ш] (garash).
• Similarly, маркетинг, or marketing, sounds like маркетин[к] (marketeenk).
• Finally, лебедь, or swan, is pronounced like лебе[т]ь (lye-bet’)

2. Voiced-Voiceless Assimilation

When voiced and voiceless consonants are adjacent, or next to each other in a word, the nature of the second consonant dictates the nature of the first:

voiced + voiceless -> voiceless + voiceless

If a voiced consonant is followed by a voiceless consonant, both become voiceless.

• For example, субтитры, or subtitles, is pronounced as су[пт]итры (soopteetrih).

voiceless + voiced -> voiced + voiced

If a voiceless consonant is followed by a voiced consonant, both become voiced.

• For example, баскетбол, or basketball, is pronounced as баске[дб]ол (baskedbol)

Now, it might seem like there are many rules you need to remember. But the truth is, nobody expects you to get it right from the start.

When you begin to hear and speak more Russian, these rules will start coming naturally to you. It will take some time and practice, but before you know it your Russian will sound great.

It’s Time For Some Russian Pronunciation Practice!

That’s it – you’ve now know how all the Russian letters sound. And the cases in which their pronunciation changes.

Now it’s up to you to spend some time listening to these sounds and practicing them yourself! Once you get a good grasp on the above, your Russian pronunciation will sound authentic, and you'll have less of an accent.

Remember that the theoretical explanations of pronunciation usually seem more complicated than pronunciation really is.

The key to developing a good understanding of Russian pronunciation is listening to native speakers. Likewise, the best way to learn how to say words is by repeating the way Russians say them.

So time to go out there and immerse yourself in Russian. You can watch Russian movies on Netflix.

Or you can apply a fun and effective method like StoryLearning® and immerse yourself in audiobook versions of short stories in Russian. As you read and listen and even try reading aloud, you'll start to develop your Russian pronunciation skills naturally.

Всего хорошего! (Vsevo kharoshova)
Good luck!

Olly Richards

Creator of the StoryLearning® Method

Olly Richards is a renowned polyglot and language learning expert with over 15 years of experience teaching millions through his innovative StoryLearning® method. He is the creator of StoryLearning, one of the world's largest language learning blogs with 500,000+ monthly readers.

Olly has authored 30+ language learning books and courses, including the bestselling "Short Stories" series published by Teach Yourself.

When not developing new teaching methods, Richards practices what he preaches—he speaks 8 languages fluently and continues learning new ones through his own methodology.