by Olly Richards
Learning Turkish can be tough. Many of the grammatical rules and word order are completely different from English and there is very little overlap when it comes to vocabulary (though there are some modern words the Turks have borrowed from English).
The good news is that learning Turkish is much easier now than it would have been 100 years ago thanks to the modernisation of the country and the adoption of the Latin script.
Now in addition to hearing the language, you can see it too and understand the letters from day one.
So here's a beginner’s guide to understanding the Turkish alphabet.
Pro Tip
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Table of Contents
A Brief History Of The Turkish Language & Alphabet
When the Ottoman Empire fell at the end of World War I, the region that now makes up Turkey was in complete disarray. Numerous countries from Europe carved it up and claimed land as their own.
That’s when Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk (“father of the Turks”) came to the rescue. With Ataturk at the helm, the Republic of Turkey was formed.
But what does that have to do with learning Turkish you might ask. Well, actually, quite a bit. Ataturk wanted Turkey to be a modern country so he did away with head coverings and an antiquated Arabic-like script. To push his new nation into the 20th century, he called for the adoption of Latin letters.
While this was bad news for older people at the time who had a hard time communicating with the younger generation, it is great news for Turkish language learners today as you can see and recognize the alphabet almost immediately.
One Letter, One Sound
With its recent overhaul, Turkish became a very systematic and orderly language. That is certainly true of the alphabet too. Unlike English where there are 26 letters that can make multiple sounds each, in Turkish, each letter makes only one sound. Always.
That makes learning the Turkish alphabet extremely easy as you can tackle it in one afternoon. In fact, it is so much easier than English that spelling tests and spelling bees aren’t even a thing in Turkish.
Everyone knows how to spell every word because each letter only makes one sound. In Turkish schools, learning how to read takes one semester in first grade and that’s it. After that, the kids can just read.
A Few Different Turkish Letters And A Few Missing
That said, there are a few differences between the English and Turkish alphabets. For one, English has the letters “q,” “w,” and “x” and Turkish doesn’t. Turkish also has a few extra letters such as “ç,” “ı,” “ğ,” “ş,” “ö,” and “ü.”
But again, because those letters each only make one sound, they are relatively easy to memorize and once you do, you can be off and running learning the rest of the language.
Turkish Alphabet Pronunciation: How To Pronounce Each Letter
There are 29 Turkish letters and each one makes only one sound. The key to mastering Turkish alphabet pronunciation is learning which sound each letter makes and figuring out how to pronounce it.
In fact, if you're new to studying Turkish, you should take extra time to work on your Turkish pronunciation as Turks care a great deal about how their language sounds and that people speaking it say words correctly.
I don't mean to scare you (I'm not the fear villain!) – you can be sure Turks will be gracious if you make mistakes. It is just that they are so grateful when foreigners know their language and know it well that it is worth the extra effort.
Here is the sound for each letter and an example for how to pronounce it:
A – ah Pronounced like the first o in “opportunity”—make sure your mouth is wide open when you say it.
B – b Same sound as in English.
C – j this might be one of the hardest letters to get used to as it never makes the “k” or “s” sound but only the “j” sound like in “John”.
Ç – ch This is one of the extra Turkish letters and it always makes the “ch” sound like chapter.
D – d Same sound as in English.
E- eh Always makes the sound of the first “e” in “everybody”.
F – f Makes the same sound as in English.
G – g Always makes the hard “g” sound as in the word “guitar”.
Ğ – This letter is called the “yumuşak g” which literally means soft “g”. The letter doesn’t make a sound but is a place holder to slightly elongate words and sounds that have it.
H – h Same sound as in English.
I – This letter can be tricky for English speakers because we don’t have an equivalent. Even though it looks like an “i” it makes a slightly different sound. It’s like a mix between an “uh” and an “ih” said from the back of the throat.
İ – ee The letter that looks like an “i” in Turkish always makes the long “e” sound. It sounds confusing, but once you get used to it you’ll have no problem.
J – This letter looks like a typical “j” but it is more of a cross between a “j” and “sh.” It’s a less common letter and was imported to help with many of the words of French origin.
K – k Makes the same sound as in English.
L – l Makes the same sound as in English.
M – m Same as in English.
N – n Same as in English.
O – o The “o” in Turkish always makes the long “o” sound.
Ö – This is probably the hardest letter in Turkish. It is like an “o” but said in the front of the month with the lips dramatically pursed.
If you watch video of Turks speaking Turkish and stop it when they are saying this sound you will see that they really do purse their lips hard on this sound.
Pronunciation is super important with this letter too because it radically changes the meaning of a word. For example, olmak is “to be” but ölmek is “to die”. You don’t want to mix those up.
P – p Same as in English.
R – r Same as in English.
U – oo The letter “u” in Turkish sounds like “oo” but from the word “boot” and not “book”.
Ü – This is another lip pursing letter. It is like “oo” but from the front of the mouth and with lips tight.
S – s Always makes the “s” sound as in “safe”.
Ş – sh Always makes the “sh” sound like in “shop”.
T – t Same as in English.
V – v Turkish has a “v” but it is so soft that sometimes they don’t even pronounce it.
Y – y Always make the “y” sound like in the word “yes”.
Z – z same as in English.
You’ll also notice that Turkish doesn’t have a th sound. While that shouldn’t be a problem for you, it can make it tough for your Turkish friends to say the sound.
Turkish Vowel Harmony
One last thing you should know about the Turkish alphabet is something called Turkish vowel harmony. Turkish is designed to sound nice (and it really does, especially when you hear mothers speaking it to their children at the park—it almost sounds like singing).
What this means is that not every letter goes together. For example, there are some letters and vowels that go together and others that don’t. As a rule of thumb, the undotted vowels (“a,” “ı,” “o,” and “u”) go together and dotted vowels (“i,” “ö,” “ü”) go together with the letter “e.”
So when you add a suffix to a word (something you do almost constantly in Turkish) the vowel you put in the suffix depends on which vowel the root word ends with.
A good way to see this is by looking at two of the words we already saw: olmak and ölmek. Before we even add suffixes you can see that the undotted “o” goes with the “a” and the “ö” goes with the “e.”
You can also see it when you say or write the Turkish simple past tense of these words. For olmak it is oldu while for ölmek it is öldü. Because the vowel in the root is dotted, so is the vowel in the suffix.
Vowel harmony can take a little while to get used to, but once you do it will be automatic and you will feel wrong when you say a word wrong.
FAQs About The Turkish Alphabet
What are the 29 letters of Turkey?
Here's the Turkish alphabet a to z with a guide to Turkish alphabet pronunciation:
A – ah – Pronounced like the first o in “opportunity”—make sure your mouth is wide open when you say it.
B – b – Same sound as in English.
C – j – this might be one of the hardest letters to get used to as it never makes the “k” or “s” sound but only the “j” sound like in “John”.
Ç – ch – This is one of the extra Turkish letters and it always makes the “ch” sound like “chapter”.
D – d – Same sound as in English.
E- eh – Always makes the sound of the first “e” in “everybody”.
F – f – Makes the same sound as in English.
G – g – Always makes the hard “g” sound as in the word “guitar”.
Ğ – This letter is called the yumuşak g which literally means soft “g”. The letter doesn’t make a sound but is a place holder to slightly elongate words and sounds that have it.
H – h – Same sound as in English.
I – This letter can be tricky for English speakers because we don’t have an equivalent. Even though it looks like an “i” it makes a slightly different sound. It’s like a mix between an “uh” and an “ih” said from the back of the throat.
İ – ee – The letter that looks like an “i” in Turkish always makes the long “e” sound. It sounds confusing, but once you get used to it you’ll have no problem.
J – This letter looks like a typical “j” but it is more of a cross between a “j” and “sh.” It’s a less common letter and was imported to help with many of the words of French origin.
K – k – Makes the same sound as in English.
L – l – Makes the same sound as in English.
M – m – Same as in English.
N – n – Same as in English.
O – o – The “o” in Turkish always makes the long “o” sound.
Ö – This is probably the hardest letter in Turkish. It is like an “o” but said in the front of the month with the lips dramatically pursed.
P – p – Same as in English.
R – r – Same as in English.
U – oo – The letter “u” in Turkish sounds like “oo” but from the word “boot” and not “book”.
Ü – This is another lip pursing letter. It is like “oo” but from the front of the mouth and with lips tight.
S – s – Always makes the “s” sound as in “safe”.
Ş – sh – Always makes the “sh” sound like in “shop”.
T – t – Same as in English.
V – v – Turkish has a “v” but it is so soft that sometimes they don’t even pronounce it.
Y – y – Always make the “y” sound like in the word “yes”.
Z – z – same as in English.
What is ğ called?
This Turkish letter is called the yumuşak g which literally means soft “g”. The letter doesn’t make a sound but is a place holder to slightly elongate words and sounds that have it.
How is ç pronounced in Turkish?
Ç is one of the extra Turkish letters and it always makes the “ch” sound like “chapter”.
How is ö pronounced in Turkish?
Ö is probably the hardest letter in Turkish. It is like an “o” but said in the front of the month with the lips dramatically pursed.
If you watch video of Turks speaking Turkish and stop it when they are saying this sound you will see that they really do purse their lips hard on this sound.
Pronunciation is super important with this letter too because it radically changes the meaning of a word. For example, olmak is “to be” but ölmek is “to die”. You don’t want to mix those up.
The Turkish Alphabet: Easier Than It First Seems
Turkish really is a beautiful language and learning it unlocks millions of new people in Turkey and Europe you can communicate with.
And don’t let its foreignness or dotted letters scare you. Turkish is a systematic, orderly language with very few exceptions in Turkish grammar and almost none in spelling.
Because each letter only makes one sound in Turkish, you can master the Turkish alphabet in a day and be on your way to learning Turkish in no time. And as you do so, all I can say is kolay gelsin! (may it be easy for you).
Once you've got the Turkish alphabet down and some common Turkish phrases in your back pocket, you'll soon be able to learn Turkish through story. That way you'll be able to learn through stories, not rules – the core of the StoryLearning® method!
